Stephan G. Pill, MD

• 1999 B.S. Misericordia University, Dallas, PA (General Studies)
• 1999 M.S. Misericordia University, Dallas, PA (Physical Therapy)
• 2005 M.D. University of Pennsylvania

• 2014 - present
  Principal Reviewer, American Journal of Sports Medicine
• 2011 - present
  Reviewer, Journal Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
• 2006 - 2007
  Publication staff, University of Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Journal

• 2005-2006
  Internship, Department of General Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
• 2006-2010
  Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
• 2010-2011
  Fellow, Sport Medicine and Shoulder Reconstruction Steadman-Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas

• 2020
  Subspecialty Certification in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery
• 2014
  Diplomat of the Board, American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery
• 2005
  Advanced Trauma Life Support
• 2005
  Advanced Cardiac Life Support

• 1995-1996
  Adidas Academic All-American Soccer Team
• 1995-1997
  Three-time Pennsylvania Athletic Conference All-Conference Soccer Team
• 1996-1997
  Two-time NCAA Mid-Atlantic Regional All-American Soccer Team
• 1996-1997
  East Coast Athletic Conference Male Scholar Athlete of the Year
• 1997-1998
  GTE Academic All-America Fall/Winter At-Large Team
• 1998
  Summa Cum Laude, Misericordia University, 3.9 GPA
• 1999
  Most Outstanding Graduate in Physical Therapy, Misericordia University
• 2005
  Alpha Omega Alpha, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
• 2005
  Dr. Freddy Stark Teaching Award for Gross Anatomy
• 2005
  William G. Munns Memorial Prize for Orthopaedic Science
• 2005
  Eastern Orthopaedic Association Resident and Fellow Travel Award
• 2006
  Best Clinical Project, Smith & Nephew National Resident Research Competition, Memphis, TN
• 2007
  Misericordia University Athletic Hall of Fame
• 2008
  Clinician Scientist Development Program, AAOS/AOA/OREF
• 2008
  AOA Resident Leadership Program
• 2009
  Jacquelin Perry Award, Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Association
• 2010
  DeForest Willard Award for Outstanding Senior Resident

• 2025-present
  Secretary, The Carolinas Shoulder and Elbow Society
• 2019- present
  Candidate Member, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons
• 2011- present
  American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
• 2009- present
  Arthroscopy Association of North America, Fellow Member
• 2005–present
  American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
• 2005–2010
  Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Society, Resident Member
• 1998–2001
  American Physical Therapy Association

Research Publications, peer-reviewed

Pill SG, Ahearn B, Tokish JM, Cook C, Siffri PJ, Mercuri JJ, Burnikel B, Cassas KJ, Wyland DJ, Sawvell E, Wright N, Hutchinson J, Bynarowicz T, Adams KJ, Kissenberth MJ. Amniotic Tissue Injections Are an Effective Alternative to Corticosteroid Injections for Pain Relief and Function in Patients With Severe Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Prospective Study. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2025 Jan 9;9(1):e23.00276. doi: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-23-00276. PMID: 39813395; PMCID: PMC11723680.

Barnes L, Shi LL, Walters T, Abrams GD; ASES AC Joint Study Group. Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries: Multi-center Expert Consensus Study using the Delphi Method. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2025 Jan 20:S1058-2746(25)00029-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2024.11.028. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39842657.

Cooper BJ, Kesinger A, Welch GE, Carroll JM, Lutz A, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Tolan SJ, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG. Judicious use of corticosteroid injections prior to shoulder arthroplasty does not compromise outcomes at a minimum of 2 years following surgery. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024 Jun 1;33(6):S49-54.

Pill SG, Rogozinski Z, Bohon H, Arrambide EB, Welch GE, Carroll JM, Lutz A, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Tolan SJ, Wyland DJ. No clinical difference in outcomes between inlay and onlay arthroscopic biceps tenodesis techniques during rotator cuff repair. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024 Jun 1;33(6):S31-6.

Sprowls GR, Layton BO, Carroll JM, Welch GE, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG. Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantages influence outcomes following rotator cuff repair in the non-Medicaid population. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024 Jun 1;33(6):S25-30.

Daher M, Fares MY, Boufadel P, Zalaquett Z, Koa J, Sakr I, Pill SG, Hasan SS, Vaccaro AR, Abboud JA. Untwining the Intertwined: A Comprehensive Review on Differentiating Pathologies of the Shoulder and Spine. JSES Reviews, Reports, and Techniques. 2024 Mar 19.

Hawkins RJ, Boes N, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Pill SG, Kissenberth MJ. Measure What Matters: Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) score As the Critical Measure for Shoulder Outcomes. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2024 Feb 1.

Singh A, Schooley B, Floyd SB, Pill SG and Brooks JM (2023) Patient preferences as human factors for health data recommender systems and shared decision making in orthopaedic practice. Front. Digit. Health 5:1137066. doi: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1137066

Floyd S, Walker J, Smith J, Jones PE, Boes N, Lindros S, Carroll M, Brooks JM, Thigpen CA, Pill SG; Kissenberth MJ. Title: ICD-10 Diagnosis Codes in Electronic Health Records Do Not Adequately Capture Fracture Complexity for Proximal Humerus Fractures. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Ms. Ref. No.: JSES-D-23-00487R1

Smith JT, Pill SG, Eggert KA, Brignull CG, Adams KJ, Wyland DJ, Tolan SJ, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ. Corticosteroid Injection Prior to Surgery Had No Effect on 2 Year Outcomes Following Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair. JSES International. 2023 Nov 23. doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2023.10.013

Jones PE, Kissenberth MJ, Brooks JM, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Pill SG. Unanticipated costs associated with interscalene nerve catheters for shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023 Jun;32(6S):S118-S122. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.010. Epub 2023 Feb 23. PMID: 36828288.

Floyd SB, Sarasua SM, Pill SG, Shanley E, Brooks JM. Factors related to initial treatment for adhesive capsulitis in the Medicare population. BMC Geriatr. 2022 Jun 30(1):548.

Pill S, Schooley B, Singh A, Floyd S, Brooks J. Direct Weighting Interactive Design of Patient Preferences for Shared Decision Making in Orthopaedic Practice. AHFE International Healthcare and Medical Devices, Vol. 51, 2022, 1–9 doi: 10.54941

Sarasua SM, Floyd S, Bridges WC, Pill SG. The epidemiology and etiology of adhesive capsulitis in the U.S. Medicare population. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (2021) 22:828 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04704-9

Teske LG, Pill SG, Lutz A, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Adams KJ, Bohon H, Graham GD, Marston G, Walker KB, Kissenberth MJ. Single shot interscalene regional anesthesia provides noninferior analgesia and decreased complications compared with an indwelling catheter for arthroscopic and reconstructive shoulder surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Jun;31(6S):S152-S157. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.02.004. Epub 2022 Mar 15. PMID: 35301140.

Hines AC, Pill SG, Boes N, Reuschel B, Lutz A, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Kissenberth MJ. Mental health status, not resilience, influences functional recovery after arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Jun;31(6S):S117-S122. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.02.005. Epub 2022 Mar 12. PMID: 35288297.

Yeazell S, Lutz A, Bohon H, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG. Increased stiffness and reoperation rate in partial rotator cuff repairs treated with a bovine patch: a propensity-matched trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022 Jun;31(6S):S131-S135. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2022.02.003. Epub 2022 Mar 12. PMID: 35288296.

Arvesen J, McCallum J, Pill SG, Cannady H, Adams KJ, Jackson I, Wienke JR, Folk J. Prevalence of contralateral hip abductor tears and factors associated with symptomatic progression. Am J Sports Med. 2022 May;50(6):1603-1608.

Teske LG, Arvesen J, Kissenberth MJ, Pill SG, Lutz A, Adams KJ, Thigpen CA, Tokish JM, Momaya A, Shanley E. Athletes diagnosed with anterior and posterior shoulder instability display different chief complaints and disability. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021 Jul;30(7S):S21-S26. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.007. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PMID: 33895304.

Kaiser TJ, Shanley E, Denninger TR, Reuschel B, Kissenberth MJ, Tolan SJ, Thigpen CA, Pill SG. Preoperative screening in patients having elective shoulder surgery reveals a high rate of fall risk. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021 Jul;30(7S):S84-S88. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.004. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PMID: 33895300.

Ahearn BM, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Pill SG, Kissenberth MJ. Factors influencing time to return to sport following clavicular fractures in adolescent athletes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021 Jul;30(7S):S140-S144. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.006. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PMID: 33895299.

Pill SG, McCallum J, Tolan SJ, Bynarowicz T, Adams KJ, Hutchinson J, Alexander R, Siffri PC, Brooks JM, Tokish JM, Kissenberth MJ. Regenesorb and polylactic acid hydroxyapatite anchors are associated with similar osseous integration and rotator cuff healing at 2 years. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021 Jul;30(7S):S27-S37. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.04.003. Epub 2021 Apr 21. PMID: 33892117.

Colbath G, Murray A, Siatkowski S, Pate T, Krussig M, Pill SG, Hawkins R, Tokish J, Mercuri J. Autograft Long Head Biceps Tendon Can Be Used as a Scaffold for Biologically Augmenting Rotator Cuff Repairs. Arthroscopy. 2022 Jan;38(1):38-48.

Kwapisz A, Rogers JP, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Newton E, Adams KJ, Alexander R, Hawkins RJ, Kissenberth MJ, Tokish JM, Pill SG. Infraspinatus or teres minor fatty infiltration does not influence patient outcomes after reverse shoulder arthroplasty with a lateralized glenoid. JSES Int. 2020 Dec 5;5(1):109-113. doi: 10.1016/j.jseint.2020.09.019. PMID: 33554175; PMCID: PMC7846691.

Kwapisz A, Shanley E, Momaya AM, Young C, Kissenberth MJ, Tolan SJ, Lonergan KT, Wyland DJ, Hawkins RJ, Pill SG, Tokish JM. Does Functional Bracing of the Unstable Shoulder Improve Return to Play in Scholastic Athletes? Returning the Unstable Shoulder to Play. Sports Health. 2021 Jan/Feb;13(1):45-48. doi: 10.1177/1941738120942239. Epub 2020 Sep 3. PMID: 32880525; PMCID: PMC7734369.

Longstaffe R, Dickerson P, Thigpen CA, Shanley E, Kissenberth MJ, Folk J, Pill SG. Both open and endoscopic gluteal tendon repairs lead to functional improvement with similar failure rates: a systematic review. Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. 2020 Sep 24.

Longstaffe R, Adams K, Thigpen C, Pill SG, Rush L, Alexander R, Hall TM, Siffri P, Kwapisz A, Hawkins R, Tokish JM, Kissenberth M, Tolan S: Is residual tendon a predictor of outcome following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair? A preliminary outlook at short-term follow-up. J Should Elbow Surg. 29: S53-S58, 2020.

Pill SG, Rush, L, Arvesen J, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Glomset JL, Longstaffe R, Kissenberth MJ: Systematic review of the treatment of acromioclavicular joint disruption comparing number of tunnels and graft type. J Should Elbow Surg 29(7): S92-S100, 2020.

Dickerson P, Pill SG, Longstaffe R, Shanley E, Thigpen CA, Kissenberth MJ: Systematic review of reversing pseudoparalysis of the shoulder due to massive, irreparable rotator cuff tears. J Should Elbow Surg 29(7): S87-S91, 2020.

Pill SG, Hatch M, Linton JM, Davidson RS: Chronic symptomatic os subfibulare in children. J Bone Joint Surg 95(16):e151(1-6), 2013.

Wyland DJ, Pill SG, Shanley E, Clark JC, Hawkins RJ, Noonan TJ, Kissenberth MJ, Thigpen CA. Bony Adaptation of the Proximal Humerus and Glenoid Correlate Within the Throwing Shoulder of Professional Baseball Pitchers. Am J Sports Med 40:1858-1862, 2012.

Bries AD, Pill SG, Krause W, Kissenberth MJ, Hawkins RJ: Accuracy of obtaining optimal base plate declination in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. J Should Elbow Surg, 21(12): 1770-1775, 2012.

Cook C, Beaty S, Kissenberth MJ, Siffri P, Pill SG, Hawkins RJ: Diagnostic Accuracy of Five Orthopedic Clinical Tests for Diagnosis of Superior Labrum Anterior Posterior (SLAP) Lesions. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 21:13-22, 2012.

Pill SG, Walch G, Hawkins RJ, Kissenberth MJ: The role of the biceps in massive rotator cuff tears. Instr Course Lect 61:113-120, 2012.

Pill SG, Phillips J, Kissenberth MJ, Hawkins RJ: Decision making in massive rotator cuff tears. Instr Course Lect 61:97-111, 2012.

Namdari S, Pill SG, Makani A, Keenan MA: Rectus femoris to gracilis transfer with fractional lengthening of the vasti muscles: A treatment for adults with stiff knee gait. Physical Therapy, 90(2): 1-8, 2010.

Pill SG, Lee GC, Huffman GR, Garino JP: Knee osteotomy for unicompartmental knee arthritis. Current Orthopaedic Practice 20:682-686, 2009.

Cipriano CA, Pill SG, Keenan MA: Heterotopic ossification following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 17:689-97, 2009.

Cipriano C, Pill SG, Rosenstock J, Keenan MA: Radiation therapy for preventing recurrence of neurogenic heterotopic ossification. Orthopedics, 32:9, 2009.

Auerbach JD, Weidner Z, Pill SG, Mehta S, Chin KR: The mandibular angle as a landmark for identification of cervical spinal level. Spine, 34:1006-11, 2009.

Lee GW, Pill SG, Garino JP, Israelite CL: Allograft extensor mechanism reconstruction following total knee arthroplasty. Techniques Knee Surg, 7:224-228, 2008.

Pill SG, Khoury LD, Lee GC, Garino JP, Nelson CL, Israelite CL: MRI for evaluating knee pain in older patients: How useful is it? J Musculoskeletal Med Nov: 500-504, 2008.

Pill SG, Parvizi J, Tang PH, Garino JP, Zhuang H, Alavi A: Comparison of FDG-PET and Indium111-White Blood Cell Imaging in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection. J Arthroplasty, 21(6 Suppl 2):91-97, 2006.

Pill SG, Flynn JM, Ganley TJ: Managing and Preventing Overuse Injures in Young Athletes. J Musculoskeletal Med, 20:434-442, 2003.

Blank J, Flynn JM, Bronson W, Ellman P, Pill SG, Lou JE, Dormans JP, Drummond DS, Ecker ML: The use of postoperative subcutaneous closed suction drainage after posterior spinal fusion in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. J Spinal Disord Tech 16:508-12, 2003.

Pill SG, Hamilton W, Dormans JP: Percutaneous toggle technique for manipulating displaced, unstable, and nonreducible proximal tibial fractures in children. Am J Orthop 32:156-7, 2003.

Pill SG, Ganley TJ, Flynn JM, Gregg JR: Osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: Arthroscopic-assisted treatment of large, full-thickness defects in young patients. Arthroscopy 19:222-5, 2003.

Brookenthal KR, Meyer JS, Pill SG, Matthews MR, Huff DS, Dormans JP: Calf mass in an 11-year-old girl. Clin Orthop 407:268-77, 2003.

Pill SG, Ganley TJ, Milam RA, Lou JE, Meyer JS, Flynn JM: Role of magnetic resonance imaging and clinical criteria in predicting successful nonoperative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in children. J Pediatr Orthop 23:102-8, 2003.

Erol B, Pill SG, Meyer JS, Guttenberg ME, Dormans JP: Limping in a 12-year-old boy. Clin Orthop 403:281-9, 2002.

Erol B, Pill SG, Guttenberg ME, Meyer JS, Dormans JP: Pathologic hip fracture in a 4-year-old boy. Clin Orthop 403:264-73, 2002.

Golden RD, Pill SG, Carpentieri DF, Hubbard AM, Dormans JP: Arm pain in an 8-year-old boy. Clin Orthop 402:288-91, 299-301, 2002.

Pill SG, Adams SB Jr, Hubbard AM, Carpentieri DF, Dormans JP: Soft tissue mass of the second toe in an 11-year-old boy. Clin Orthop 401:265-270, 2002.

Hanna BG, Pill SG, Drummond DS: Irreducible thoracic spondyloptosis in a child with neurofibromatosis: a rationale for treatment. Spine 27:E342-7, 2002.

Dormans JP, Pill SG: Fractures through bone cysts: unicameral bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, fibrous cortical defects, and nonossifying fibromas. Instr Course Lect 51:457-67, 2002.

Hosalkar HS, Pill SG, Sun PP, Drummond DS: Progressive spinal lordosis after laminoplasty in a child with thoracic neuroblastoma. J Spinal Disord Tech 15:79-83, 2002.

Flynn JM, Luedtke L, Ganley TJ, Pill SG: Titanium elastic nails for pediatric femur fractures: lessons from the learning curve. Am J Orthop 31:71-4, 2002.

Erol B, Pill SG, Meyer JS, Pawel BR, Dormans JP: Knee pain and swelling in a 5-year-old girl. Clin Orthop 396:258-65, 2002.

King PJ, Gibson BW, Pawel BR, Pill SG, Dormans JP: Knee pain in a 16-year-old girl. Clin Orthop 391:302-5, 308-11, 2001.

Dormans JP, Fisher RC, Pill SG: Orthopaedics in the developing world: present and future concerns. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 9:289-96, 2001.

Luedtke LM, Flynn JM, Ganley TJ, Hosalkar HS, Pill SG, Dormans JP: The orthopedists' perspective: bone tumors, scoliosis, and trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 39:803-21, 2001.

Dormans JP, Spiegel D, Meyer J, Asada N, Alman BA, Pill SG, Himelstein B, Womer R: Fibromatoses in childhood: the desmoid/fibromatosis complex. Med Pediatr Oncol 37:126-31, 2001.

Esmail AN, Flynn JM, Ganley TJ, Pill SG, Harnly H: Acute exercise-induced compartment syndrome in the anterior leg. Am J Sports Med 29:509-12, 2001.

Cohen MW, Drummond DS, Flynn JM, Pill SG, Dormans JP: A technique of occipitocervical arthrodesis in children using autologous rib grafts. Spine 26:825-9, 2001.

Pill SG, Ganley TJ, Flynn JM, Milam RA, King PJ, Gregg JR: Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: Experiences at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and a review of literature. Univ Penn Orthop J 14:25-33, 2001.

Ganley TJ, Pill SG, Flynn JM, Gregg JR: Pediatric and adolescent sports medicine. Curr Opinion Orthop 12:456-61, 2001.

Ganley TJ, Flynn JM, Pill SG, Hanlon P: Ankle evaluation in the young athlete: fracture versus sprain. J Musculoskeletal Med 17:311-25, 2000.

Luedtke LM, Flynn JM, Pill SG: A review of avascular necrosis in developmental dysplasia of the hip and contemporary efforts at prevention. Univ Penn Orthop J 13:22-28, 2000.

Books

Namdari S, Pill SG, Mehta S: Orthopedic Secrets. 4th edition, Elsevier: Philadelphia, 2014.

Book chapters

Pill SG: Anatomic Total Shoulder Arthroplasty with Aspherical Head and Inlay Glenoid. In Orthopedic Knowledge Update Shoulder and Elbow, 6th edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2025, Chapter 24.

Pill SG: Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder. In AAOS Comprehensive Orthopaedic Review, Fourth Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2024, Chapter 71.

Pill SG: Procedure Technique Development. In Translational Sports Medicine, Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2023, Chapter 15.

Pill SG, Bozentka DJ: Skin and soft tissue coverage. In ASSH Pocket Manual of Hand Surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2010, Chapter 20.

Pill SG, Sheth NP, Nelson CL: Total knee arthroplasty. In: Sheth NP, Lonner JH, eds. Gowned and gloved orthopaedics: Introduction to common procedures. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2009, 251-267.

Jones KJ, Pill SG, Nelson CN: Total hip arthroplasty. In: Sheth NP, Lonner JH, eds. Gowned and gloved orthopaedics: Introduction to common procedures. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2009, 184-195.

Pill SG, Keenan MA: Neuro-orthopaedic management of extremity dysfunction in patients with spasticity from upper motor neuron syndromes, in Spasticity and Other Forms of Muscle Overactivity in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome: Etiology, Evaluation, Management, and the Role of Botulinum Toxin, edited by Mayer N, Brashear A. WE MOVE, New York: 2008.

Pill SG, Steinberg DR: Dupuytren’s Contracture, in Primary Care Orthopaedics, edited by Lotke PA, Abboud JA, Ende J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2008.

Pill SG, Steinberg DR: Finger Dislocation, in Primary Care Orthopaedics, edited by Lotke PA, Abboud JA, Ende J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2008.

Pill SG, Steinberg DR: Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand, in Primary Care Orthopaedics, edited by Lotke PA, Abboud JA, Ende J. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2008.

Mavi A, Pill SG, Houseni M, Kim CK, Reske SN, Alavi A: Bone Marrow Scintigraphy, in Nuclear Medicine, edited by Henkin RE and Boles MA. Elsevier, Philadelphia: Volume 2, Chapter 72;1197-1227, 2006.

Dormans JP, Pill SG: Benign and malignant tumors of the spine in children, in Spine: State of the Art Reviews on Strategies in Pediatric Spine, edited by Drummond DS. Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia: 14;262-279, 2000.

Ganley TJ, Pill SG: Discoid meniscus, in The 5-Minute Pediatric Consult, 3rd Edition, edited by Schwartz WM. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia: 330-331,2002.